Word Order

• S + O + V
  • (Adj) S
  • (Adj) O
  • (Adv) V

General Characteristics

• No articles
• No noun genders
• The subject / object can be dropped if easily implied; not dropped below for sake of showing structure.

Translation Guidance

• S = Structure = textbook translation of grammatical structure; written system would use such spelling as well
• P = Pronunciation = native speaker pronunciation of sentence
• C = Common = natural sentence from native speaker, using pronunciation
  • For sake of illustration, it is assumed that the subject of a sentence is always understood based on context
  • Objects of sentences are not assumed to be understood based on context (Asker: "What did he do with the apple?" Answerer: "Ate" would be a common response)

See bottom of page for list of vocabulary used in example sentences. Link to bottom of page: #Vocabulary Used in Grammar Examples

Particles

Tenses

Punctuation

Negatives

• Notes
  • Tie "na" into #capability

Verb / Adj Endings

• Notes

  • Tie "tas" into #desire
  • Tie "gɛt" into #effort
  • Tie "rok" into #and-then
  • Tie "kas" into #fate

• Do I need a ha-da verb?

• Do I need a dui-da verb?

• Get verb turned into noun - V-기 grammar = V-ing in English ~turn a verb or a phrase into nouns

• If only - 보기만 하다, -기만 하다

  • ?

• I wish that / I hope that -(으)면 좋겠어요, 빨리 끝나면 좋겠어요

  • ?

• Is capable of doing - -(으)ㄹ 수 있다, 먹을 수 있어요 - tie into "na"

  • ?

• Is not capable of doing - -(으)ㄹ 수 없다, 먹을 수 없어요 - tie into "na"

  • ?

• Is not very good at -

  • ?

• Asking permissions

  • ?

• Plan to -

  • ?

• Has a habit of / tends to -

  • ?

• Do for me / do for someone -

  • ?

• Its possible / might / could - 올 수도 있어요, -(으)ㄹ 수도 있다

• Its impossible / it cant bet - 그럴 리가 없어요, -(으)ㄹ 리가 없다

• To almost do something - 믿을 뻔 했다, -(으)ㄹ 뻔 했다

• In the middle of - -고 있는 중이다 or -는 중, 일하는 중이에요

• Since you are already / while you are there - -(으)ㄴ/는 김에, 가는 김에

Part-of-Speech Change

Level of Certainty

• Notes
  • Tie "keʃ" into #belief
  • Tie "pat" into ???
  • Tie "lɛk" into ???

Indirect Speech

Conjunctions

- General -

- Conditional -

- Time -

• Tie each into other time frames

Verb Connectors

• V + || At that time / in the past or future
  • ?? - tie "??" into #period
  • When I training for war, I climbed the mountain #example_sentence
  • When I was in school, I climbed the mountain #example_sentence
• V + || For the sake of - 1. - N + 을/를 위해서/위해** and V + 기 위해서/위해
• N/A/V-기 때문에 grammar = because (of), since ~Express a reason or cause of a situation
• V-(으)ㄴ 적이 있다, V-아/어 본 적이 있다 grammar = have done, have tried ~express the past experience
• V-(으)러 가다/오다 grammar = go/come (to somewhere) to do something
• V-(으)려고 하다 grammar = plan to, intend to ~express intention or plan that has yet to be done
• V-(으)려고 grammar = in order to, so that ~express intention or purpose to do something
• V-기로 하다 grammar = decide to, promise to ~make a promise with oneself or someone
• A/V-(으)면 grammar = if, when ~express a supposition or a condition about a fact ...
• V-(으)려면 grammar = if you want/ intend to…then you should…
• N/A/V-아/어도 grammar = even if, regardless of ~a situation occurs regardless of the previous action
• A-아/어지다 = to get/become ~express a change over time
• V-게 되다 grammar = became, came to, been decided ~express a change from one state to another
• • A/V-아/어서 grammar = (1) and/ (in order) to, (2) because (of)/ so that…
• A/V-(으)니까 grammar = (1) because/ since, (2) when/ do sth to discover
• • V + || While doing
• V + || Before doing
• V + || After doing
• V + || + V
• V + || or + V
• V + || if you wish to
• V + || when
• V + || For this reason / because of this / and thus || result
  • i ro ka / ro ka

Connectors

• And - 그리고
• So - 그래서
• Then, In that case - 그러면
• That's why, for that reason - 그러니까
• But - 그러나, 그런데, 그렇지만, 하지만

Noun

• N + || For the sake of

Particles

• Subject - 이/가

• Ownership - 의

• Object - 을/를

• At - 에,

• At, action happened - 에서,

• To, someone or place - 에게,

• From, someone or place - 에게서

• A-게 grammar = '...-ly' or 'in a ... manner' ~turn an adjective into an adverb

• With Person went - 랑/이랑

• With thing do (with a pen, or using english) - 로/으로

• Planning on (으)려고 하다

• List, And

• List, Or

• Or - 이나

• Also - 도

• Nothing but - 밖에

• Only - 만

• Approximately 쯤

• Similar to 처럼

• More than 보다

• Every 마다

• Just after V - 자마자

• And then, after doing - V-고 나서

• When - N 때, A/V-(으)ㄹ 때

• Contrast - 은

• Negative -

Vocabulary Used in Grammar Examples

Noun / Pronoun

Verb

Adjective