Consonants
Unvoiced
| IPA |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
| Stop |
p |
|
|
t |
|
k |
|
| Affricative |
|
|
|
t͡s |
t͡ʃ |
|
|
| Fricative |
|
f |
θ |
s |
ʃ |
|
h |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Romanization |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
| Stop |
p |
|
|
t |
|
k |
|
| Affricative |
|
|
|
c |
ch |
|
|
| Fricative |
|
f |
th |
s |
sh |
|
h |
Voiced
| IPA |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
| Stop |
b |
|
|
d |
|
g |
|
| Affricative |
|
|
|
d͡z |
d͡ʒ |
|
|
| Fricative |
|
v |
ð |
z |
ʒ |
|
|
| Romanization |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
| Stop |
b |
|
|
d |
|
g |
|
| Affricative |
|
|
|
x |
j |
|
|
| Fricative |
|
v |
dh |
z |
zh |
|
|
Nasal and Approximate
| IPA |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
| Stop |
m |
|
n |
|
|
k |
|
| Liquid Affr. |
|
|
l |
|
w |
|
|
| Affricative |
|
|
ɹ |
|
|
|
h |
| Fricative |
|
|
r |
|
|
|
|
| Romanization |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
| Stop |
m |
|
n |
|
|
k |
|
| Liquid Affr. |
|
|
l |
|
w |
|
|
| Affricative |
|
|
r |
|
|
|
h |
| Fricative |
|
|
dr |
|
|
|
|
Vowels
| IPA |
Front |
Back-Round |
Back |
| High |
i |
u |
ɯ |
| High Mid. |
e |
o |
|
| Low Mid. |
ɛ |
|
ʌ |
| Low |
a |
|
|
| Romanization |
Front |
Back-Round |
Back |
| High |
ee |
u |
eu |
| High Mid. |
ae |
o |
|
| Low Mid. |
e |
|
eo |
| Low |
a |
|
|
General Characteristics
- Consonants used heavily in markers / grammar syllables are not used heavily in native words themselves
- Consonant rules at end of syllable
- Ahead of a vowel
- Duplicate in next syllable: t, θ, n, l, ɹ, g, d
- Move to next syllable: s, k
- Change
- Ahead of consonant
- No diphthongs
Romanization Rules
- Given romanization is meant to facilitate the reading of a language by a non-native speaker, romanization is generally based on the resultant pronunciation of words, not a direct spelling-based conversion
- Example:
- Structure: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.ek wit.ɛ.θax`
- Pronunciation: fi.ɛʃ ʒan.nek wit.tɛ.θa
- Romanization: fee'esh zhannaek weette'tha